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36 Fugues (Reicha)
36 Fugues, sometimes assigned opus number 36,〔Opus number 36 is present, for example, in the 1973 Bärenreiter edition, and is used on several recordings. However, in the recent catalogue by Stone (see References) the collection has no opus number.〕 is a cycle of fugues for piano composed by Anton Reicha. It was first published by the composer in 1803〔Stone, Grove. The exact date of publication is disputed.〕 and served as an illustration of a ''nouveau système'' (Fr. "new system") Reicha invented for fugue composition. This system involved, among other things, extensive use of polyrhythms, derived from traditional music, and fugal answers on any and all scale degrees, rather than just the dominant, which was standard at the time.
== Historical background ==
Reicha most probably started composing the fugues during his short stay in Hamburg. In 1799 he moved to Paris and soon published a collection of twelve fugues there, all of which were subsequently included in ''36 Fugues'' (as numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, 20–23, 25–27 and 35).〔Stone, Grove〕 By 1802 Reicha moved to Vienna, but the same year two more works that would later be included in the collection were published in Paris. These were a ''fantaisie'' from ''Etude de transitions et 2 fantaisies'', Op. 31, and a fugue on a theme by Domenico Scarlatti, Op. 32.
The complete cycle was published in 1803 in Vienna under the French title ''Trente six fugues pour le pianoforte, composées d'après un nouveau système'' ("Thirty-six fugues for the piano, composed using a new system"). The collection was dedicated to Haydn, whom Reicha knew since the early 1790s, and included a dedicatory poem by Reicha, in French and German. The fugues were preceded by extensive textual notes, in which Reicha defended his methods, particularly polyrhythm, for which he cites numerous examples from traditional music of Switzerland, Alsace, Greece and western France around the Bay of Biscay.〔Reicha's text cited in: Vit Roubicek. Liner notes to "36 Fugues for piano, Op. 36 (selection)", Milan Langer (piano)〕
The second edition was published in Vienna in 1805 and included a short theoretical text, ''Über das neue Fugensystem'', in which Reicha explains the theoretical basis of the fugues in form of a polemic against the numerous opponents of his ideas. These included Ludwig van Beethoven, who dismissed Reicha's method for turning the fugue into something that is no longer a fugue ("daß die Fuge keine Fuge mehr ist"),〔Beethoven's letter Breitkopf & Härtel, written on 18 December 1802, see (autograph )〕 and Robert Schumann.〔Vit Roubicek. Liner notes to "36 Fugues for piano, Op. 36 (selection)", Milan Langer (piano)〕 Also mentioned in Reicha's text are the circumstances that led to the composition of some of the fugues with borrowed themes: apparently, his Parisian friends had chosen several themes and asked Reicha to compose fugues on them using the new method.
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